第８回　繁殖コロニーを維持するための疾病コントロール，生殖器

Future Plans for Primate Research in Korea National Primate Research Center (KNPRC)

Byung-Hwa Hyun
Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Korea

There was only one biological institute in Korea, which had been used for reproduction of non-human primates for toxicological tests until 1999.

Later, Korea Institute of Toxicology and a private company started toxicological tests with some cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). In 1999, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) started development of the basic and applied technology for breeding of non- human primates and mechanism studies. We introduced 11 cynomolgus monkeys and 21 common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) for primate research from Philippines and Japan. In 2003, 30 African green monkeys (Cercopithcus aethiops) were introduced from Tsukuba Primate Center, Japan. Recently we have got many littermates. We are now focusing on the establishment of animal care- related experimental techniques, breeding and physiology data, SOP, microbiological monitoring systems and others for breeding of non-human primates, care and welfare. Collaboration of 3 research groups is establishing blood biochemical standard markers, induced ・diabetic models basically resulted from pathological and anatomic data with the 3 species of monkeys. The Korean government finally decided the construction of Korea National Primate Research Center (KNPRC) up to 2005 fiscal year. The fiscal budget will be about 7 million U.S. dollars.

We are planning to construct the facilities for breeding of non-human primates with experimental facilities at Ochang, Chungbuk, near Daejeon. We hope that KNPRC will be an excellent infrastructure for primate research and domestic/international collaboration in Korea. We will be able to support many fields; AIDS, gene therapy, brain research, artificial organs with non-human primates, facilities and techniques, and to develop primate models for human diseases. Many opinions and comments will be needed for these aims, function and what we should go straight. For this reason, I introduce the present situation and future perspective of KNPRC on this occasion.

Hematological and Parasitological examinations on Crab -eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis) in a mangrove forest, Vietnam

Vo Dinh Son,
Saigon Zoo Abstract

Hematological and Parasitological examinations on Crab -eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis) were carried out in order to obtain preliminary information concerning the physiological characteristics of the blood and natural intestinal parasite infestation in the population of Crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis) in Can Gio Mangrove forest, Southern Vietnam.

Eighty-nine of 94 macaques examined showed hematological values that were within normal ranges for healthy macaques. However most of these hematological values were higher than those of free ranging macaques on the islands of Mauritus and Augaur. The result also showed that, mangrove macaques can survive by defending completely on fresh water from food in mangrove forest. Five of 94 macaque we examined had abnormal values of leucocyte counts.

Of 118 feces samples examined, 65 samples (55%) were positive. Five endoparasite species were detected in feces of Can Gio Mangrove macaques with species of Strongyloides, Trichostronglus, Oesophagustomum, Ancylostoma and Trichuris being the most common patent infestation. The limitted number of endoparasite species belonging to nematodes found in the Can Gio Mangrove macaque suggests that there may be relationships between parasite infection and mangrove habitats.

Publications
1. Vo Dinh Son (2002), Intestinal Parasites of Macaca fascicularis in a mangrove forest, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Laboratory Primate Newsletter, Schrier Research Laboratory, Psychology Department, Brown University, Providence, RhodeIsland 42(2), pp. 4-5, Web-site: http://www.brown.edu/primate.

2. Vo Dinh Son (2002) Hematological values of Macaca fascicularis in a Mangrove forest, Vietnam, Laboratory Primate Newsletter, Schrier Research Laboratory, Psychology Department, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 41(4), pp. 1-4, Web-site: http://www.brown.edu/primate.

3. Vo Dinh Son (2003), Morphology of M. fascicularis in a Mangrove forest, Vietnam , Laboratory Primate Newsletter, Schrier Research Laboratory, Psychology Department, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 42(2), pp.9-11, Web-site: http://www.brown.edu/primate.

4. Vo Dinh Son (2003), Diet of Macaca fascicularis in a Mangrove forest, Vietnam, Laboratory Primate Newsletter, Schrier Research Laboratory, Psychology Department, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 42(4), pp.1-5, Web-site: http://www.brown.edu/primate.
Conference Proceedings

5. Vo Dinh Son, Chris B. Banks (1999), A Conservation Education program at Saigon Zoo, Proceeding ,the Eighth annual Conference of South East Asian Zoos Association, Ho Chi Minh City, 1-3 November, 1999.

6. Vo Dinh Son (1999) Conservation Education for School Students in Saigon Zoo Botanical Gardens, Poster Presentation, Asian Science Seminar on Biodiversity-: Messages from Primatology, July 26- August 6, 1999, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan.

7. Vo Dinh Son, Nguyen Quoc Thang (2002), The result and initial experiences on implementing conservation education programs at Saigon Zoo, Vietnam, Proceedings , The 16th International Zoo Educators Conference, Vienna, August 17-22,2002 Field Studies in Vietnam 1998-2001 Studying on some characteristics of Behaviour and Ecology of Crab-eating macque ( Macaca fascicularis) in Mangrove Forest, Southern VietNam.

Management of SRV in Breeding Colony of Long-tailed Macaques on Tinjil Island, Indonesia

Joko Pamungkas, DVM. MSc
Primate Research Center at Bogor Agricultural University, Jalan Lodaya 11/5, Bogor 16151, Indonesia

In 1994 the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry enacted a regulation that restricts the export of nonhuman primates to progeny from captive/managed breeding facilities only. Several years before the regulation was implemented, in 1987 Bogor Agricultural University initiated a collaborative project with several institutions in the country and abroad to establish breeding colony of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) on Tinjil Island, located off the south coast of West Java. Screening protocols have been established to select only tuberculosis and simian retrovirus (SRV)-free animals for the colony. Long-tailed macaques originating mainly from Sumatra were individually caged in quarantine and screened over a period of 3-4 months for the presence of tuberculosis and SRV. Within the first week of their arrival in our quarantine facility at Darmaga-Bogor, whole blood specimens were taken from each animal and subject to viral examination by specific SRV polymerase chain reaction, as well as virus isolation attempts by co-cultivation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with Raji cells. Immunological test to detect the presence of antibodies to SRV was done by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) followed by confirmatory Western blot assay. Animal showed positive reactivity to any test performed was rejected from the screening group. Two months after the first tests series, all negative animals were retested for the presence of antibodies to SRV by ELISA and confirmed by Western blot assay. All animals remaining negative after this time point and which have at least four consecutive negative tuberculin tests were transferred onto the island. Since 1988, 520 long-tailed macaques were released to the island and to date an estimate of 2,200 population have been breeding well since then. An approximate of 1400 progeny from the island have been harvested since 1991 and used mostly in the AIDS-related and other biomedical research studies.

Publications:
Pamungkas, J., Joeniman B., Watanabe, R.A., Kuller,L., Schmidt, A., Thouless, M.E.,Morton, W.R. 1991. Antibodi Simian AIDS Retrovirus (SRV) pada Kera ekor panjang ( Macaca fascicularis) asal Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia. 1 (1) : 52-56.

Jennings, G.B., Soeharjono, W, Pamungkas, J., Sorensen, K. 1992. Filovirus in Asia. An Editorial. Vims Exchannge Newlatter. 9 (2): 35-36.

Pamungkas, J., Joeniman, B., Sajuthi, D., Sulviati, I.D., Jennings, G.B. 1992. Daya Guna Serum Sapi Berbagai Tingkat Umur sebagai Nutrien Pelengkap Pengganti FBS Komersial dalam Medium Biakan Jaringan Primer dan Biakan Sel Lestrai. 'Laporan PeneHtian Hibah Bersaing Perguman Tinggi 1/1. Pamungkas, J., Joeniman, B., Styaningsih, S., Jenning, G.B. 1992. Studi Serologis Antibodi Simian AIDS Retrovirus Serotipe-2 (SRV-2) pada Macaca fascicularis (Keraekor panjang). Laporan Penelitian DP3M.

Darusman L.K., Sajuthi D., Sutriah K., Pamungkas J. 1992. Ekstraksi Komponen Bioaktif sebagai Bahan Obat dari Kerang-kerangan, Bunga karang dan Ganggang di Perairan Pulau Part Kepulauan Seribu. 'Laporan Penehtian DP3M.

Sajuthi, D., Leiana, R.P.A., Pamungkas, J. 1994. Medical Procedures During Quarantine of Orangutan Intented for Reintroduction: Updated Recomendation to the Department for Forestry of The Republic Indonesia. International Orangutan Conference, Fullerton, USA. (Abstract)

Pamungkas J, Sajuthi D, Leiana RPA, Iskandriati D, Joeniman B, Kyes RC, Knitter GH,Watanabe RA. Tinjil Island, A Natural Habitat Breeding Facility of Simian Retrovirus-free Macaca fascicularis. Am. ]. Primatol. 34:81-84. 1994.

Morton WR, Kyes RC, Kyes KB, Knitter GH, Sajuthi D, Iskandriati D, Pamungkas J. Development of A Natural Habitat Breeding Facility for Nonhuman Primates. JAVMA 206:469-475. 1995.

Kyes RC, Lelana RPA, Pamungkas J, Iskandriati D, Sajuthi D. Natural Habitat Breeding of Primates In Indonesia: A Conservationally Sound Approach To A Sustainable Resource. Primate Report 41. 1995.

Darusman L.K., Sajuthi D., Sutriah K., Pamungkas J. 1995. Ekstraksi Komponen Bioaktif sebagai Bahan Obat dari Kerang-kerangan, Bunga karang dan Ganggang di Perairan Pulau Pan Kepulauan Seribu Tahap II. Fraksinasi dan Bioassay. Buletin Kimia FMIPA-IPB No. 10. 18-29.

Giri A, Slattery JP, Heneine W, Gessain A, Rivadeneira E, Desrosiers RC, Rosen L, Anthony R, Pamungkas J, Iskandriati D, Richards AL, Herve V, McClure H, O'Brien SJ, Franchini G. 1997. Tax Gene Sequences Provide Support For An Ancient Asian Origin of Simian and Human T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphotropic Viruses. Virology 231:96-104. 1997.

Kyes RC, Sajuthi D, Morton WR, Smith OA, Lelana RPA, Pamungkas J, Iskandriati D, Iskandar E, Crockett CM. 1997. The Tinjil Island Natural Habitat Breeding Facility : A Decade of Operation. JurnalPrimatologi Indonesia Vol. 1 : 1-8.

Richards A.L, Giri A, Iskandriati D, Pamungkas J, Sie A, Rosen L, Anthony R L, Franchini G. 1998. Simian T-Lymphotropic Virus Type I Infection Among Wild-Caught Indonesia Pig-Tailed Macaques (Macaca nemestrind). Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Human Retrowrolosy. 19:542-545.

Kyes RC, Sajuthi D, Iskandar E, Iskandriati D, Pamungkas J, Crockett CM. 1998. Management of a Natural Habitat Breeding Colony of Longtailed Macaques. Tropical Biodiversity 5(2):127-137 (1998).

Iskandriati D, Pamungkas J, Suparto IH, Grant RF, Agy MB, Morton WR, Sajuthi D. 1998. Evidence for Retrovirus Infections in Captive Orangutans Returned to Indonesia. Abstract. Journal of Medical Primatology 27(2/3): 178. 1998.

Iskandriati D, Pamungkas J, Surya M, Mariya S, Budiarsa IN, Sajuthi D. (1998) Prevalensi Antibodi simian retrovirus type-D serotipe-2 (SRV-2) pada Macaca fascicularis dan Macaca nemestrina di Empat Propinsi di Indonesia. J Primatol Indonesia 2(1):5-8.

Iskandriati D, Pamungkas J, Budiarsa IN, Sajuthi D, Grant RF, Agy MB, Kyes RC, Morton WR. Simian Retrovirus Free Breeding Colonies of Macaques for Animal Model in AIDS Research. Abstract.

Osterhaus A DME, Pedersen N, Amerongen G V, Frankenhuis MT, Marthas M, Reay E, Rose TM, Pamungkas J, Bosch ML. 1999. Isolation and Partial Characterization of a Lentivirus from Talapoin Monkeys {Myopithecus talapoin). Virology 260, 116-124 (1999).

Pamungkas J. 2000. Virus Ebola-Reston tidak dijumpai pada Monyet Indonesia. Harian Kompas, Minggu 14 Desember 2000.

Iskandriati D, Pamungkas J. 2000. Asal usul AIDS Monyet. Majalah MATRA No. 171 Hal. 35.

Pamungkas J, Iskandriati D, Sajuthi D. 2000. Mengapa Orangutan dan Satwa Primata lainnya tidak sesuai sebagai Hewan Piaraan di Rumah?. Dunia Veteriner 2000.

Iskandriati D, Pamungkas J. 2001. Mengkaji Virus Herpes-B pada Satwa Primata dan Manusia. Harian Kompas, Minggu 14 Januari 2001.

Pamungkas J. 2003. Pulau Tinjil sebagai Penghasil Hewan Penelitan Hewan AIDS. Harian Kompas, Minggu 14 September 2003.

Pamungkas J, Sajuthi D. 2002. Sustainable Primate Resources Through SPF Breeding Programs in Indonesia. Proceeding of the Workshop: International Perpectives : The Futere of Nonhuman Primate Resources. p: 20. Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Academic of Science.

Presentations: Iskandriati, D., Pamungkas, J., Surya, M., Mariya, S., Sajuthi, D. 1993. Studi Serologis Simian AIDS Retrovirus Type-D Serotype-2 (SRV-2) pada Macaca fasdcularis di Propinsi Lampung dan Nusa Tenggara Timur. Simposium dan Seminar Nasional Primata, 13-14 Oktober, Cisarua, Bogor.

Morton, WR., Haigwood, N.L., Hu, S.L., Agy, M.G., Pamungkas, J., Iskandriati, D., Sajuthi, D. 1994. Non- human Primate Models for AIDS-Related Research. XVth Congress of the International Primatological Society, Bali, Indonesia.

Sajuthi, D., Lelana, R.P.A., Pamungkas, J. 1994. Medical Procedures During Quarantine of Orangutan Intended for Reintroduction: Updated Recommendation to the Department for Forestry of The Republic Indonesia. International Orangutan Conference, Fullerton, USA. (Abstract)

Pamungkas, J., Sajuthi, D., Lelana, R.P.A., Joeniman, R, Kyes, R.C. 1992. Tinjil Island, a Natural Habitat Breeding Facility of Simian Retrovirus free Macaca fascicularis. XIVth Congress of International Primatological Society. Strasbourg. France.

Sajuthi D., Iskandar I., Kyes, R.C., Iskandriati D., Pamungkas J. 1996. Management of a Natural Habitat Breeding ColoMinggu 14 September 2003. Japan.

Pamungkas, J., Iskandriati ,D., Sajuthi D. 1998. Mengapa Satwa Primata Dipentingkan Dalam Penelitian Biomedik ? Telaah Peran Satwa Primata Dalam Penelitian Penyakit menular Akibat Infeksi Virus. Kongres PDHI XIII, 23-26 Novemher 1998, Bandar Lampung.

Pamungkas J, Iskandriati D, Strands K, Bosch ML. 1998. Association of Cytopathic Effect (CPE) Formation on Raji Cell Cultures with Acholeplasma Laidlawii. Seminar Nasional Primatologi, 18-19 Pebruari 1998, Denpasar, Bali.

Sajuthi, D, Pamungkas J. 1999. Pemanfaatan Satwa Liar Sebagai Hewan Model Dalam Penelitian :
Satwa Primata Sebagai Pilihan. Diskusi Panel "Kuota Eksport dan Konservasi Satwa Liar Indonesia. 13- 14 Maret 1999. TSI, Bogor.

Sajuthi,D., Pamungkas, J., Iskandar, E. 1999. Pelestarian Bekantan Secara Insitu dan Eksitu. Diskusi:
"Pemngkatan Kesadaran dan Peran Masyarakat Terhadap Pelestarian Bekantan" 21 Juni 1999, Surabaya.

Iskandriati D, Pamungkas J, Sajuthi D. Infeksi Virus Herpes-B pada Satwa Primata dan Manusia. Kajian Literatur.

Saepuloh U, Noviana R S, Iskandriati D, Pamungkas J, Sajuthi D, Suaryana K G. 2000. Deteksi SRV dan Antibodinya pada Macaca fascicularis di beberapa Lokasi di Pulau Bali. Kongres Primatologi, 7-9 September 2000. Yogyakarta. (Poster).

Meilasanti A, Mariya S, Iskandriati D, Pamungkas J, Sajuthi D, Suaryana K G. 2000. Prevalansi Antibodi Virus Herpes Simplex pada Macaca fascicularis di Pulau Bali. Kongres Primatologi, 7-9 September 2000. Yogyakarta. (Poster).

Sajuthi D., Pamungkas J. 2000. Pemeliharaan Satwa Primata sebagai Hewan Model Penelitian Manusia. Workshop on Laboratory Animal Scicnce and Husbandry 2000. PT. Biofarma, Bandung 20-24 Maret 2000.

Sajuthi D, PamungkasJ, Iskandriati D. 2001. Karantina Satwa Primata: Kepentingannya DalamPebruari 1998, Denpasar, Bali.

Konservasi dan Kesehatan Manusia. Diskusi Panel "Penerapan Sanitary dan Phytosamtary Untuk Menjamin Kelangsmigan Konservasi Flora dan Fauna" 25 Juli 2001, Taman Safari Indonesia, Bogor.

Lelana RPA, Pamungkas J, Sajuthi D. 2001. Pola Pengelolaan Kesehatan Satwa Primata sebagai Hewan Model Pengelolaan Kesehatan Satwa Liar Indonesia secara Lestari. Presentasi Ilmiah Veteriner Nasional, diselenggarakan oleh Direktorat Kesehatan Hewan, Direktorat Jenedral Produksi Peternakan Departemen Pertanian, 24-25 Oktober, Jakarta.

Sajuthi D, Pamungkas J. 2002. Animal Welfare for Laboratory and Wildlife Animals. International Trade Issue. Semoloka Strategi Karantina Hewan dan Workshop Anmal Welfare Bidang Transportation, Badan Karantina Pertaman, Departemen Pertanian RI, 20-21 Juni 2002, Jakarta.

Sajuthi D, Pamungkas J, Iskandriati D. 2002. Pemanfaatan Satwa Primata Indonesia sebagai Hewan Model Penyakit Manusia. Seminar Sehari "Pemanfaatan Berkelanjutan Keanekaragaman Hayati sebagai Alternatif Pengembangan Ekonomi Daerah. Fakultas Biologi FMIPA-UI, 18 Juni, Jakarta.

Pamungkas J, Sajuthi D. 2002. Sustainable Primate Resources Through SPF Breeding Programs in Indonesia. Workshop: International Perpective: The Futere of Nonhuman Primate Resources. Institof Laboratory Animal Resources, National Academic of Science. 17- 19 April 2002, Washington DC.

3. ランチョンセミナー (ポスターセッション)

1. 塩化カドミウムのマーモセット腎臓に対する影響

菅野剛 (株式会社三菱化学安科研)

2.実験に供されたカニクイザルにおけるHelicobacterpylori感染とその病理組織像について

友成由紀(株式会社三菱化学安科研)

3.若年シシオザルにおける横紋筋肉腫の1例

国谷泰子，柳井徳磨，酒井洋樹，木村直人，加藤章，山手丈二，柵木利昭（岐阜大獣医病理，JCM，大阪府大獣医病理）

4.ニホンザルの胃癌の1例

小林真人，柳井徳磨，後藤俊二，加藤朗野，酒井洋樹，柵木利昭(岐阜大学獣医病理，京大・霊長類研）

5.マンドリルでみられたエルシニア症　Yersiniosisin manndrills

柿原新，柳井徳磨，宇根有美，酒井洋樹，柵木利昭（岐阜大学獣医病理，麻布大学獣医病理）

6. Systemic Arteriopathy in SIV-infected Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)

T. Yanai, A.A. Lackner and M. A. Simon(Gifu University; New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School)

7. Nodular Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia in SIV-infected macaques 柿原新，柳井徳磨，宇根有

T. Yanai, M. A. Simon, K.G. Mansfield and A.A. Lackner (New England Regional Primate Research Center,Harvard Medical School)

8. Pulmonary Cryptosporidiosis in SIV-infected Rhesus Macaques

T. Yanai, A. A. Lackner, L. V. Chalifoux, H. Sakai, T. Masegi, M. A. Simon (New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School; Gifu University)

9. Granulomatous Tubulointerstitial Nephritis Induced by Sensitization of Non-collagenous Domeins of Glomerular Basement Membrane in Monkeys.

板垣伊織，田澤洋一，山本正敏(株式会社イナリサーチ)，横山司甫(コラーゲン技術研修会)，重松秀一(信州大学医学部)

10.抗生物質投与後のリスザルにおけるYersinia pseudotuberculosis菌体の形態学的特徴

宇根有美(麻布大学病理学研究室)

11.リスザルにおける皮質過骨症を主徴とする骨疾患の集団発生の続報

宇根有美(麻布大学病理学研究室)

12.ボルネオオランウータン (Pongo pygmaeus) にみられたyersinia pseudotuberculosis症の一例

馬場智成(麻布大･獣医･病理)，宇根有美(麻布大･獣医･病理)，林谷秀樹(農工大･家畜衛生)，野村靖夫(麻布大･獣医･病理)

13.アジルテナガザル (Hylobates agilis) におけるyersinia enterocolitica O8感染症の一例

中村進一(麻布大･獣医･病理)，宇根有美(麻布大･獣医･病理)，馬場智成(麻布大･獣医･病理)，林谷秀樹(農工大･家畜衛生)，金子誠一(東武動物公園)，生井聡(東武動物公園)，野村靖夫(麻布大･獣医･病理)

14. LESIONS ASSOCIATED WITH LETHAL OUTBREAKS OF TOXOPLASMOSIS IN THE COMMON SQUIRREL MONKEYS.

Une, Y., Omura, M., Matsutani, N., Furuta, T.(1) and Nomura, Y. Lab. of Vet. Pathol., Sch. of Vet. Med. Azabu Univ., Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-8501 Japan., (l) Univ. of Tokyo

15.筑波霊長類センターから分離されたSRV/Dの同定

原　正幸1･ 2，菊地俊彦1，高野淳一朗3，成田豊子3，藤本浩二3，明里宏文1,馬場　忠2，寺尾恵治1，向井錬三郎1
1.国立感鞄研筑波霊長類センター，2.筑波大応用生物化学系，3.(社)予防衛生協会

16. Finger maze learning in long-tailed macaques.

Tsuchida, J.(1), Kawasaki, K.(2), Sankai, T.(3), Kubo, N.(4), Terao, K.(3), Koyama,T.(5), Makino, J.(6) & Yoshikawa, Y.(7) (1)Jichi Medical School, (2)Hoshi University, (3)Tsukuba Primate Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, (4)Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, (5)Japan Women's university, (6)University of Tsukuba, (7)Tokyo University

17.人工環境飼育下のカニクイザルでの加齢と骨量

陳　楊1,2，小川浩美3，小野文子3,吉田高志1，吉川泰弘4
1.感敦研･霊長類センター，2.正和製薬(株)，3.(社)予防衛生協会，4.東大･農学部

18.カニクイザルでのレプチン･アディポネクチンと肥満との関係

陳　楊1,2，成田勇人3，小野文子3,吉田高志1，吉川泰弘4
1.感染研･霊長類センター,2.正和製薬(株),3.(社)予防衛生協会，4.東大･農学部

19.カニクイザル造血幹細胞の自家移植法の確立

揚山直英1，花園　豊3，小野文子1，柴田宏昭2，長島建之4，上田泰次4，長谷川護4，小澤敬也3，吉川泰弘5，寺尾恵治2
1.予防衛生協会，2.感染研･筑波霊長類センター，3.自治医大遺伝子治療，4.DNAVEC研，5.東京大･実験動物

20.カニクイザルを用いたパーキンソン病モデルの作出

成田勇人1，小野文子1，鴻野あや子1，羽成光二1，揚山直英l，大藤圭子1，村松慎一2，池口邦彦2，藤本健一2，中野今治2，寺尾恵治3
1.予防衛生協会，2.自治医大,3.感染研･筑波霊長類センター

メスザルの生殖生理

山海　直　国立感染症研究所 筑波医学実験用霊長類センター

サル類はヒトにもっとも近縁の動物であり､生理学的に類似するところが多く実験動物としての有用性が広く知られている｡霊長類にのみ感染する病原体も多く存在し感染症関連の研究分野において必須の動物種となっている｡また､代謝系が似ていることから代謝性疾患研究､あるいは他の実験動物にくらべて寿命がながく長寿科学研究への適用､さらに高次能機能研究など多くの研究分野において実験動物としてのサル類に期待するところは大きい｡

しかし｢サルはヒトではない｣あたりまえのことであるがここで強調しておきたい。｢似ている｣が決して｢同じ｣というわけではない。よって､サル類の生理を十分に把握したうえで実験データの解析を行わなければ誤った解釈をしてしまう危険もあるだろう｡さらにサル類といってひとくくりにしてこれら生理を理解することもできない｡類人猿､旧世界ザル､新世界ザルなど当然その生理も異なっている｡たとえば類人猿と旧世界ザルはヒトと同じ月経周期をもつ数少ない動物種であり､カニクイザルの月経周期の長さは約28日であり､ヒトにきわめて類似している｡また､カニクイザルは周年繁殖動物であり1年を通じて産児を得ることができる｡しかし､カニクイザルと同じマカカ属でもアカゲザル､ニホンザルなどは季節繁殖動物であり､カニクイザルやヒトとは全く異なる繁殖機能を有している。このような生殖生理を理解するための一手段として性ホルモンの動態を知ることは重要であり､本ワークショップでは当センターのカニクイザルから得られた性ホルモンに関する研究成果を中心にサルの生殖生理を紹介したい｡また､当センターは世界にも類をみない大規模室内繁殖コロニーを確立しているが､そのコロニーにおける繁殖関連成果を示すとともにコロニー内で生じる問題を提示してみたい｡

私自身は､生殖生理に関わる基本データをもとにサル類の発生工学的研究を実施している｡メスザルの内因性の性ホルモン動態を知ったうえでホルモン投与を実施してホルモン動態をコントロールすることで卵胞発育を誘起している｡また､受精､着床､妊娠維持､分娩という一連の生殖現象を人為的コントロール下で再現することを試みている｡

カニクイザルを中心としてメスザルの生殖生理を紹介するとともに､それを基本にした私の仕事の一部を紹介することで､実験動物としてのサル類の繁殖､維持､そして疾患等の研究を行うにあたっての情報提供になれば幸いと考えている｡

オスザルの生殖生理

榎本 知郎　東海大学医学部

霊長類のオスの繁殖戦略を考察する上で､オスが一生にわたって､どのような時期にどのくらい精子を産生し､どのようなメスを選択し､あるいはメスに選択され､交尾して子孫を残していくかを知ることが､きわめて重要である。今回の発表では､各種霊長類の精子発生(spermatogenesis)の様相を比較して､それぞれの特徴を明らかにしたい｡精子発生とは､分化型精祖細胞が数回の細胞分裂で増殖し､減数分裂を経て､その結果生じた精子細胞が成熟した精子へと変容する一連の過程を指す。精子の産生は､この分化型精祖細胞がどれほど形成されるかというプラス要因と､精子発生の過程でどれほど細胞が死んでいくかというマイナス要因によって決まる｡霊長類のなかでは､マカクザルは精子発生が活発だが､なかでもカニクイザルがぬきんでている｡類人猿では､精子発生が活発なチンパンジーから､マイナス要因が強く働き､随所に病理学的な所見が見ているものだと考えられる｡